OBGYN Terms & Definitions

A

Abdominoplasty

Abdominoplasty, commonly known as a “tummy tuck,” is a cosmetic surgical procedure that removes excess skin and fat from the abdominal area and tightens the abdominal muscles. While not strictly gynecological, some women seek abdominoplasty doctor after multiple pregnancies to restore the appearance and tone of their midsection. It is important to note that this is not a weight loss procedure, and candidates should be in good general health and near their ideal weight.

Amenorrhea

Amenorrhea refers to the absence of menstruation. It can be categorized as either primary (when a person has never had a period by age 15) or secondary (when a person who previously had regular periods stops menstruating for three or more months). Causes range from hormonal imbalances and stress to conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, or excessive physical activity. Diagnosis typically involves a thorough history, physical exam, and lab testing to determine the underlying cause.

Amniocentesis

Amniocentesis is a prenatal diagnostic procedure typically performed between the 15th and 20th weeks of pregnancy. It involves using a thin needle to withdraw a small amount of amniotic fluid from the uterus. This fluid contains fetal cells and various chemicals that help detect genetic conditions such as Down syndrome, neural tube defects, or other chromosomal abnormalities. While generally safe, it carries a small risk of miscarriage and is usually recommended based on maternal age, medical history, or abnormal screening results.

Anovulation

Anovulation is the absence of ovulation, meaning the ovaries do not release an egg during the menstrual cycle. It is a common cause of infertility and may occur with or without menstruation. Conditions such as PCOS, thyroid dysfunction, excessive weight loss or gain, and high levels of stress can lead to anovulation. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include lifestyle changes, medications to stimulate ovulation, or hormone therapy.

Adenomyosis

Adenomyosis occurs when the endometrial tissue, which normally lines the uterus, grows into the muscular wall of the uterus. This condition often causes heavy, painful periods and can lead to chronic pelvic pain or an enlarged uterus. It most commonly affects women in their 30s and 40s and those who have had children. Diagnosis may involve pelvic ultrasound or MRI. Treatment options include anti-inflammatory medications, hormonal therapy, or surgical interventions such as hysterectomy in severe cases.

Atrophic Vaginitis

Atrophic vaginitis, also referred to as genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM), is the thinning, drying, and inflammation of the vaginal walls due to a decrease in estrogen. Common after menopause, it can cause symptoms like vaginal dryness, itching, discomfort during intercourse, and urinary urgency. Treatment typically includes vaginal moisturizers, lubricants, and local estrogen therapy to restore the vaginal lining and alleviate symptoms.

Asherman’s Syndrome

Asherman’s Syndrome is a rare condition characterized by the formation of scar tissue or adhesions inside the uterus. It usually occurs after uterine surgeries such as dilation and curettage (D&C), particularly when performed after a miscarriage or delivery. Women with Asherman’s Syndrome may experience light or absent periods, infertility, or recurrent pregnancy loss. Diagnosis is often made through hysteroscopy, and treatment involves surgical removal of the adhesions to restore the normal uterine cavity.

Anemia (Pregnancy-related)

Anemia during pregnancy most commonly results from iron deficiency and occurs when the body doesn’t produce enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen to tissues. Symptoms may include fatigue, weakness, dizziness, or shortness of breath. Left untreated, it can increase the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight. Pregnant women are usually screened during prenatal visits and treated with iron supplements and dietary adjustments if needed.

Antenatal Care

Antenatal care, also known as prenatal care, involves the regular medical and nursing supervision of a pregnant woman before birth. It includes scheduled check-ups to monitor the mother’s health and fetal development, manage pre-existing or emerging medical conditions, provide nutritional and lifestyle guidance, and prepare for delivery. Early and consistent antenatal care improves pregnancy outcomes and reduces risks for both the mother and baby.

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a protein produced by the fetal liver and measured through maternal blood testing, typically as part of a second-trimester screening called the quad screen. Abnormal AFP levels can indicate a risk for certain fetal conditions, such as neural tube defects (e.g., spina bifida) or chromosomal abnormalities. While not diagnostic, AFP screening helps identify pregnancies that may benefit from further testing such as ultrasound or amniocentesis.

B

Bacterial Vaginosis

Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) is a common vaginal infection caused by an imbalance of naturally occurring bacteria in the vagina. Women with BV may experience symptoms such as a thin, grayish-white discharge, a fishy odor, itching, or burning. However, many cases are asymptomatic. BV is not classified as a sexually transmitted infection but is more common in sexually active women. Diagnosis is made through pelvic examination and lab tests, and treatment typically involves antibiotics.

Bartholin’s Cyst

A Bartholin’s cyst occurs when the duct of the Bartholin’s gland, located on each side of the vaginal opening, becomes blocked and fluid accumulates. These cysts are usually painless and small but can become infected, leading to an abscess that causes significant discomfort. Treatment may include sitz baths, drainage procedures, or surgical removal if recurrent. Maintaining good hygiene and avoiding irritants can help reduce the risk of infection.

Birth Control

Birth control refers to methods or devices used to prevent pregnancy. Options range from hormonal methods (like pills, patches, injections, and intrauterine devices) to barrier methods (such as condoms and diaphragms), permanent procedures (tubal ligation), and natural methods (fertility awareness). Choosing the right method depends on an individual’s health, lifestyle, and reproductive goals. Counseling from a healthcare provider can help patients make informed choices about their contraception.

Breech Presentation

A breech presentation occurs when a baby is positioned feet- or buttocks-first in the uterus instead of the typical head-first position. This positioning is common in early pregnancy but becomes a concern if it persists into the final weeks. Breech births may increase the risk of complications during delivery and often require a cesarean section. In some cases, a procedure known as external cephalic version (ECV) may be attempted to turn the baby into the proper position before labor begins.

Benign Tumor

A benign tumor is a non-cancerous growth of cells that does not spread to other parts of the body. In gynecology, common benign tumors include uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts, and fibroadenomas in the breast. Although not cancerous, some benign tumors may cause symptoms such as pain, abnormal bleeding, or pressure on nearby organs, and may require monitoring or surgical removal depending on their size, location, and impact on health.

Body Contouring

Body contouring encompasses a variety of cosmetic procedures designed to reshape and enhance body appearance by removing excess fat or skin. In the context of postpartum care, some women consider body contouring after pregnancy-related changes such as stretched skin or abdominal separation. Common methods include liposuction, tummy tucks, and non-invasive fat reduction. These procedures should be performed by a qualified specialist and are best considered after achieving stable body weight.

Basal Body Temperature (BBT)

Basal Body Temperature is the body’s lowest resting temperature, typically measured first thing in the morning before any activity. Tracking BBT can help women understand their ovulation patterns, as a slight temperature increase usually occurs after ovulation. BBT charting is a key part of fertility awareness methods and can also be used to identify irregular cycles. Consistent daily measurements are required for accuracy.

Breast Self-Exam

A breast self-exam is a personal check that women can perform at home to look for changes in the breasts, such as lumps, shape changes, or skin irregularities. While not a substitute for clinical exams or mammograms, regular self-exams help women become familiar with their own breast tissue and detect changes early. It is typically recommended monthly, a few days after the menstrual period ends when the breasts are less likely to be swollen or tender.

Biopsy (Endometrial/Cervical)

A biopsy involves removing a small tissue sample for microscopic examination. In gynecology, two common types are the endometrial biopsy and cervical biopsy.

Endometrial biopsy: Used to evaluate abnormal uterine bleeding or assess endometrial health, especially in cases of infertility or suspected cancer.
Cervical biopsy: Often performed after abnormal Pap smear results, it helps determine the presence of precancerous or cancerous cells in the cervix.
These procedures are usually done in-office and may involve some temporary discomfort.

Braxton Hicks Contractions

Braxton Hicks contractions, often called “false labor,” are irregular and usually painless contractions of the uterus that can begin as early as the second trimester. They help the uterus prepare for true labor but do not lead to cervical dilation. Unlike real labor contractions, Braxton Hicks are infrequent, non-rhythmic, and typically ease with rest or hydration. If contractions become regular, painful, or increase in intensity, it may be a sign of actual labor, and medical evaluation is advised.

C

Cesarean Section (C-Section)

A Cesarean section, commonly known as a C-section, is a surgical procedure used to deliver a baby through incisions made in the mother’s abdomen and uterus. It may be planned ahead of time due to medical conditions or performed as an emergency procedure if complications arise during labor. Common indications include fetal distress, breech presentation, placenta previa, or previous uterine surgery. Recovery typically involves a hospital stay and several weeks of rest, as it is a major abdominal surgery.

Cervical Dysplasia

Cervical dysplasia refers to abnormal changes in the cells on the surface of the cervix. While not cancer, these changes can be precancerous and may develop into cervical cancer if left untreated. It is usually detected through a Pap smear and confirmed with a colposcopy or biopsy. Cervical dysplasia is often linked to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Depending on severity, treatment options include careful monitoring, cryotherapy, or surgical removal of the affected tissue.

Colposcopy

Colposcopy is a diagnostic procedure used to closely examine the cervix, vagina, and vulva for signs of disease, typically following an abnormal Pap smear. A colposcope (a lighted magnifying device) allows the physician to view these areas in detail. If suspicious areas are found, a biopsy may be taken for further analysis. The procedure is performed in-office and may cause minor discomfort, but it plays a critical role in early detection of cervical abnormalities.

Circumcision

Circumcision is the surgical removal of the foreskin from the penis. In newborn males, it is often performed for cultural, religious, or personal reasons. From a gynecological standpoint, circumcision is sometimes discussed during prenatal care or childbirth education for expectant parents of male infants. The decision is personal and should be made with informed consent and an understanding of the risks and benefits. The procedure is typically quick and has a short recovery period when done in infancy.

Chlamydia

Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. It often presents with no symptoms, especially in women, but can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility, or ectopic pregnancy if left untreated. When symptoms do occur, they may include abnormal discharge, painful urination, or pelvic pain. Routine screening is recommended for sexually active individuals under age 25 or those at higher risk. Chlamydia is easily treatable with antibiotics.

Contraception

Contraception encompasses all methods used to prevent pregnancy. Options include hormonal methods (birth control pills, implants, patches), barrier methods (condoms, diaphragms), intrauterine devices (IUDs), permanent procedures (tubal ligation), and natural family planning. Choosing the right contraceptive method depends on individual health, reproductive goals, and lifestyle. A gynecologist can provide comprehensive counseling to help patients select the safest and most effective option for their needs.

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) is a prenatal test that involves collecting a small sample of cells from the placenta to test for genetic or chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus. It is usually performed between 10 and 13 weeks of pregnancy and can detect conditions such as Down syndrome, cystic fibrosis, and Tay-Sachs disease. CVS carries a small risk of miscarriage and is generally recommended when there is an elevated risk based on family history or screening results.

Cervical Insufficiency

Cervical insufficiency, also known as incompetent cervix, is a condition where the cervix weakens and begins to open too early during pregnancy, often in the second trimester, leading to preterm birth or pregnancy loss. It may occur without pain or contractions. Risk factors include a history of cervical trauma or prior second-trimester losses. Diagnosis is typically made through ultrasound, and treatment may involve cervical cerclage (a surgical stitch), progesterone therapy, or bed rest.

Candida (Yeast Infection)

Candida, often referred to as a yeast infection, is a common vaginal condition caused by an overgrowth of Candida albicans, a fungus that naturally lives in the body. Symptoms may include itching, burning, thick white discharge, and irritation. Factors such as antibiotic use, pregnancy, diabetes, or hormonal changes can increase susceptibility. Most infections are mild and easily treated with antifungal medications available in topical or oral form. Recurrent infections may require further evaluation.

Cystocele

A cystocele, or prolapsed bladder, occurs when the bladder drops from its normal position and bulges into the vaginal wall due to weakened pelvic floor muscles. It often results from childbirth, chronic straining, or aging. Symptoms can include a feeling of fullness or pressure in the pelvis, urinary incontinence, or difficulty emptying the bladder. Treatment ranges from pelvic floor exercises (Kegels) and pessary use to surgical repair in more severe cases.

D

Dilation and Curettage (D&C)

Dilation and Curettage (D&C) is a minor surgical procedure used to remove tissue from the inside of the uterus. It involves dilating the cervix and using a special instrument to gently scrape or suction the uterine lining. D&C is commonly performed to diagnose or treat conditions such as heavy bleeding, incomplete miscarriage, or uterine polyps. It may also be used following pregnancy loss to ensure all tissue is cleared. Most procedures are done under sedation and have a short recovery period.

Dysmenorrhea

Dysmenorrhea refers to painful menstrual cramps that occur just before or during menstruation. It is categorized into two types:

Primary dysmenorrhea: Pain not caused by an underlying condition, usually beginning in adolescence.
Secondary dysmenorrhea: Pain linked to reproductive disorders like endometriosis or fibroids.
Symptoms can include lower abdominal pain, backache, nausea, or fatigue. Treatment options range from over-the-counter pain relievers and hormonal birth control to addressing the underlying cause in more complex cases.

Dyspareunia

Dyspareunia is the medical term for pain during sexual intercourse. This pain can be superficial (at the vaginal opening) or deep (within the pelvis). Causes may include vaginal dryness, infections, pelvic floor dysfunction, endometriosis, or psychological factors such as stress or trauma. Evaluation typically involves a physical exam and patient history. Treatment depends on the cause and may include lubricants, pelvic floor therapy, counseling, or medication.

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) is a serious condition in which a blood clot forms in a deep vein, usually in the legs. Pregnancy increases the risk of DVT due to changes in blood flow and clotting factors. Symptoms include leg pain, swelling, warmth, and redness. If untreated, DVT can lead to a life-threatening pulmonary embolism. Preventative strategies during pregnancy or postpartum include staying mobile, using compression stockings, and, in high-risk cases, anticoagulant medications.

Donor Egg IVF

Donor Egg In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) is a fertility treatment where eggs from a donor are fertilized with the recipient’s partner’s sperm (or donor sperm) in a lab, and the resulting embryo is transferred to the recipient’s uterus. It is a valuable option for women with diminished ovarian reserve, early menopause, or genetic disorders. The process includes medical screening of the donor, hormonal preparation of the recipient, and careful coordination by a fertility specialist.

Diagnostic Laparoscopy

Diagnostic laparoscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used to examine the pelvic and abdominal organs. A small camera (laparoscope) is inserted through a tiny incision, allowing the physician to directly view the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, and surrounding structures. It is often used to diagnose causes of pelvic pain, infertility, or suspected conditions such as endometriosis, ovarian cysts, or ectopic pregnancy. Recovery is usually quick due to the minimally invasive nature of the surgery.

Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (DUB)

Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (DUB) is abnormal bleeding from the uterus that is not caused by structural abnormalities, pregnancy, or medical conditions. It often results from hormonal imbalances and is common during puberty or perimenopause. Symptoms may include unpredictable, heavy, or prolonged periods. Diagnosis involves ruling out other causes through exams and testing. Treatment may include hormonal therapies (like birth control), medication to control bleeding, or surgical options in more severe cases.

Dermoid Cyst

A dermoid cyst is a type of benign ovarian tumor that can contain a variety of tissues, including hair, skin, and teeth. These cysts develop from embryonic cells and are typically diagnosed in young women. They are often asymptomatic but can cause pain, bloating, or complications like ovarian torsion if they grow large. Most dermoid cysts are found via pelvic ultrasound and may require surgical removal, especially if symptomatic or increasing in size.

Desogestrel

Desogestrel is a synthetic form of progestin used in certain types of hormonal contraception, including combination oral contraceptives and progestin-only pills. It works by preventing ovulation, thickening cervical mucus, and thinning the uterine lining, making it harder for sperm to reach an egg and for implantation to occur. It is often chosen for women who are sensitive to other forms of progestin or need a progestin-only option due to estrogen contraindications.

Depression (Perinatal/Postpartum)

Perinatal and postpartum depression are mood disorders that affect women during pregnancy or after childbirth. Symptoms include persistent sadness, anxiety, irritability, fatigue, feelings of guilt or worthlessness, and difficulty bonding with the baby. Unlike the “baby blues,” which are mild and temporary, postpartum depression can be severe and long-lasting without treatment. Early intervention with therapy, support groups, and in some cases, medication, can lead to full recovery and improved maternal health.

E

Ectopic Pregnancy

An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, most commonly in one of the fallopian tubes. Because the developing embryo cannot survive outside the uterine lining, this condition poses serious health risks, including internal bleeding. Symptoms may include sharp abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, dizziness, or shoulder pain. Ectopic pregnancy requires immediate medical intervention, which may involve medication or surgical removal of the pregnancy to prevent life-threatening complications.

Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a chronic condition in which tissue similar to the endometrium (the lining of the uterus) grows outside the uterus, often affecting the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and pelvic lining. This misplaced tissue responds to hormonal changes and can cause severe menstrual cramps, chronic pelvic pain, pain during intercourse, and infertility. Diagnosis may involve pelvic exams, imaging, or laparoscopy. Treatment options range from pain management and hormonal therapies to surgical intervention, depending on severity and reproductive goals.

Estrogen

Estrogen is a key female sex hormone responsible for regulating the menstrual cycle, supporting pregnancy, and maintaining reproductive tissue health. It also plays a crucial role in bone density, skin elasticity, and cardiovascular function. Estrogen levels fluctuate throughout a woman’s life, with notable changes during puberty, pregnancy, and menopause. Imbalances can contribute to conditions like PCOS, infertility, or menopausal symptoms. Estrogen therapy may be used in hormone replacement or certain contraceptive methods.

Endometrial Ablation

Endometrial ablation is a minimally invasive procedure used to treat abnormal uterine bleeding by destroying the lining of the uterus (endometrium). It is often recommended for women with heavy menstrual bleeding who do not wish to become pregnant in the future. Various techniques—such as radiofrequency, cryotherapy, or heated fluid—may be used. Recovery is typically quick, and many patients experience reduced or stopped menstrual flow. The procedure is not suitable for women who plan to conceive.

Embryo Transfer

Embryo transfer is a step in the in vitro fertilization (IVF) process where one or more embryos are placed into the uterus with the goal of achieving pregnancy. It is typically performed a few days after egg retrieval and fertilization. A thin catheter is used to gently place the embryo into the uterine cavity. The procedure is quick, usually painless, and performed under ultrasound guidance. Success depends on multiple factors, including embryo quality and uterine receptivity.

Emergency Contraception

Emergency contraception is used to prevent pregnancy after unprotected intercourse or contraceptive failure (e.g., a broken condom). Options include emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs), which are most effective when taken within 72 hours, and the copper intrauterine device (IUD), which can be inserted up to five days after intercourse. Emergency contraception does not induce abortion and should not be used as a regular birth control method. It provides a time-sensitive safety net to reduce the risk of unintended pregnancy.

Egg Freezing

Egg freezing, or oocyte cryopreservation, is a fertility preservation technique that allows women to harvest and store unfertilized eggs for future use. It involves ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, and freezing the mature eggs using advanced cryotechnology. This option is valuable for women undergoing medical treatments (like chemotherapy), delaying childbearing for personal or career reasons, or who want to preserve fertility due to medical concerns. Frozen eggs can later be thawed, fertilized, and used in IVF.

Endocervical Curettage

Endocervical curettage (ECC) is a diagnostic procedure in which a small sample of cells is scraped from the endocervical canal—the narrow passage leading from the cervix to the uterus. It is often performed during a colposcopy when abnormalities are found or suspected. The tissue sample is sent for histological evaluation to check for precancerous changes, infections, or other abnormalities. ECC may cause mild cramping or spotting, but recovery is typically brief and uncomplicated.

Endometrial Cancer

Endometrial cancer is a type of cancer that originates in the lining of the uterus (endometrium). It is the most common gynecologic cancer and often presents with early symptoms such as abnormal uterine bleeding, especially postmenopause. Risk factors include obesity, unopposed estrogen therapy, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and family history. Diagnosis usually involves endometrial biopsy and imaging. Treatment often includes surgery (hysterectomy), possibly followed by radiation or chemotherapy depending on the stage.

Episiotomy

An episiotomy is a surgical incision made in the perineum (the tissue between the vaginal opening and the anus) during childbirth to enlarge the vaginal opening and facilitate delivery. While once routine, episiotomies are now performed selectively, usually in cases of fetal distress or when a quick delivery is necessary. After delivery, the incision is sutured and typically heals within a few weeks. Proper perineal care is essential during recovery to prevent infection or discomfort.

F

Fertility

Fertility refers to a person’s natural ability to conceive and carry a pregnancy. In women, it involves regular ovulation, a healthy uterus, and hormone balance, while in men, it includes sperm quality and count. Fertility can be influenced by age, medical conditions, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Evaluating fertility often involves blood work, imaging, ovulation tracking, and partner testing. If challenges arise, fertility specialists may suggest treatments such as medications, IUI, or IVF.

Fibroids (Uterine)

Uterine fibroids are noncancerous growths that develop from the muscle tissue of the uterus. They vary in size and may be located inside the uterine cavity, within the muscle wall, or on the outer surface. Many women with fibroids experience no symptoms, but others may have heavy bleeding, pelvic pressure, frequent urination, or pain. Diagnosis is often made via ultrasound or MRI. Treatment options range from watchful waiting and medication to surgical interventions like myomectomy or hysterectomy.

Fetal Heart Rate

Fetal heart rate (FHR) refers to the number of heartbeats per minute of a fetus, typically ranging between 110 and 160 bpm. Monitoring the FHR helps assess the well-being of the baby, especially during labor and delivery. It can be tracked using Doppler devices, ultrasound, or electronic fetal monitors. Abnormal FHR patterns may signal distress and prompt further evaluation or intervention, such as a cesarean section.

Folic Acid

Folic acid is a synthetic form of folate, a B-vitamin essential for healthy cell growth and development. It is especially important before and during early pregnancy, as it helps prevent neural tube defects (NTDs) in the baby, such as spina bifida. Women trying to conceive or who are pregnant are advised to take 400–800 micrograms of folic acid daily. It is also found in leafy greens, legumes, fortified cereals, and supplements.

Forceps Delivery

Forceps delivery is an assisted vaginal delivery method used when labor needs to be expedited, typically due to fetal distress or prolonged pushing. Forceps are tong-like instruments placed around the baby’s head to help guide it through the birth canal during contractions. While generally safe, this procedure carries risks such as perineal injury or facial marks on the baby. Forceps use is carefully considered and typically performed in a hospital setting with appropriate monitoring.

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) is a reproductive hormone produced by the pituitary gland. In women, it stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles and supports ovulation. FSH levels are commonly measured to evaluate fertility, especially ovarian reserve. High FSH levels may indicate diminished ovarian function, while low levels may signal issues with the pituitary or hypothalamus. In men, FSH supports sperm production. Testing FSH is often part of hormonal evaluations for infertility or irregular cycles.

Functional Cyst

A functional cyst is a common, typically harmless fluid-filled sac that forms on the ovary during the menstrual cycle. The two main types are follicular cysts and corpus luteum cysts. They often resolve on their own within a few cycles and rarely require treatment unless they cause pain or grow unusually large. Functional cysts are different from abnormal cysts, which may need further evaluation to rule out conditions such as endometriomas or dermoid cysts.

Fertility Preservation

Fertility preservation involves saving eggs, sperm, or embryos for future use. This is especially important for individuals undergoing medical treatments—such as chemotherapy—or those who wish to delay childbearing due to personal, medical, or career reasons. Options include egg freezing, embryo freezing, ovarian tissue preservation, and sperm banking. Fertility preservation techniques have advanced significantly and can offer hope to many individuals and couples planning for future parenthood.

Fetus

A fetus is the developing human from the ninth week of pregnancy until birth. During this stage, organs mature, movements become more coordinated, and growth accelerates. The health of the fetus is closely monitored through ultrasounds, prenatal screenings, and physical assessments to ensure proper development. Fetal health is influenced by maternal nutrition, lifestyle, prenatal care, and genetics. Regular antenatal visits help ensure both maternal and fetal well-being throughout pregnancy.

Female Sterilization

Female sterilization is a permanent method of birth control that prevents pregnancy by blocking or sealing the fallopian tubes. This stops the egg from meeting sperm. Common techniques include tubal ligation (surgical tying or cutting of the tubes) and tubal implants (no longer widely used). It is a safe and highly effective method for women who are certain they do not want future pregnancies. While generally irreversible, reversal procedures are possible in limited cases but are not guaranteed.

G

Gonorrhea

Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It can infect the cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, urethra, and even the throat or rectum. Many women with gonorrhea have no symptoms, but it can cause vaginal discharge, painful urination, or pelvic pain. Untreated, it may lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and infertility. Gonorrhea is diagnosed through lab testing and treated effectively with antibiotics. Regular STI screening is essential for sexually active individuals.

Genetic Testing

Genetic testing involves analyzing a person’s DNA to identify potential risks for inherited conditions or chromosomal abnormalities. In gynecology, genetic testing may be offered during pregnancy (to screen for conditions like Down syndrome or cystic fibrosis), in fertility care, or to assess cancer risk (e.g., BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations). Results can guide reproductive decisions, preventive care, or treatment options. Genetic counseling is often recommended to help interpret results and discuss implications for the patient and family.

Gynecological Care

Gynecological care encompasses the medical evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of conditions affecting the female reproductive system, including the uterus, ovaries, cervix, fallopian tubes, and vagina. Routine gynecologic visits may include pelvic exams, Pap smears, STI screenings, breast exams, and contraceptive counseling. Comprehensive care also addresses menstrual disorders, menopause, fertility issues, pelvic pain, and more. Regular gynecologic care is essential for maintaining reproductive and overall health throughout every stage of life.

Group B Streptococcus

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a type of bacteria commonly found in the digestive and reproductive tracts. While usually harmless in adults, it can pose serious risks to newborns during childbirth if transmitted. Pregnant women are routinely screened for GBS between 35 and 37 weeks of gestation. If positive, antibiotics are administered during labor to prevent transmission to the baby. GBS infection in newborns can lead to pneumonia, sepsis, or meningitis if not managed promptly.

Gravida

Gravida refers to the total number of times a woman has been pregnant, regardless of the outcome. It is part of the GTPAL system used in obstetrics to record pregnancy history:

G (Gravida) – total number of pregnancies
T (Term births), P (Preterm births), A (Abortions), L (Living children)
For example, a woman who has been pregnant three times (including current pregnancy) is considered Gravida 3. This term helps healthcare providers understand and track a patient’s reproductive history.

G-Spot Amplification

G-Spot Amplification (GSA) is a cosmetic gynecological procedure aimed at enhancing sexual pleasure by augmenting the Grafenberg spot (commonly known as the G-spot) with injectable fillers. The G-spot is thought to be a sensitive area inside the vaginal wall, and the procedure claims to increase sensitivity and stimulation. GSA is elective, controversial, and not universally recommended due to limited scientific evidence. Patients should consult with a qualified gynecologist to understand the risks, benefits, and alternatives.

Genital Herpes

Genital herpes is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), typically HSV-2. It is characterized by painful sores or blisters on the genitals, buttocks, or surrounding areas. Some individuals may experience mild symptoms or remain asymptomatic. Herpes is lifelong and managed through antiviral medications that reduce outbreak frequency and transmission risk. Pregnant women with active herpes may require a cesarean delivery to prevent neonatal infection.

Gynecologic Oncology

Gynecologic oncology is a specialized field of medicine focused on the diagnosis and treatment of cancers affecting the female reproductive system, including ovarian, cervical, uterine, vulvar, and vaginal cancers. Gynecologic oncologists are trained in both surgical and medical oncology and often coordinate care with radiation specialists. Early detection and personalized treatment plans are essential for successful outcomes. Care may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and genetic counseling, depending on the cancer type and stage.

Glandular Cells (Pap Smear)

Glandular cells are one of the two main types of cells found in the cervix (the other being squamous cells). During a Pap smear, the presence of glandular cells is normal, especially if taken from the endocervical canal. However, if atypical glandular cells are detected, further evaluation may be needed, as these can sometimes indicate precancerous changes or cancer, particularly of the endocervix or uterus. Follow-up tests may include colposcopy, endometrial biopsy, or additional imaging.

H

Hysterectomy

A hysterectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the uterus. Depending on the medical indication, it may also involve removal of the cervix, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. Types include total, subtotal (partial), and radical hysterectomy. Common reasons for the procedure include fibroids, endometriosis, uterine prolapse, abnormal bleeding, and cancer. Hysterectomy ends menstruation and the ability to conceive. Recovery time varies based on the surgical method—abdominal, vaginal, or laparoscopic—and the extent of the procedure.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection, with over 100 different strains. While many infections resolve on their own, certain high-risk strains are linked to cervical, vaginal, vulvar, and anal cancers. Low-risk types can cause genital warts. HPV is detected through Pap smears and HPV DNA testing. Vaccination, typically given during adolescence, significantly reduces the risk of HPV-related cancers. Regular screening and early detection are essential components of cervical cancer prevention.

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) involves administering estrogen or a combination of estrogen and progesterone to relieve symptoms associated with menopause, such as hot flashes, night sweats, mood changes, and vaginal dryness. HRT may also help prevent bone loss in postmenopausal women. It is tailored to individual needs, considering factors like age, health history, and symptom severity. While generally safe for many women, HRT carries risks and should be carefully discussed with a healthcare provider.

Hymenectomy

A hymenectomy is a minor surgical procedure that involves the partial or complete removal of the hymen. It is typically performed in cases where the hymen is imperforate (completely blocking the vaginal opening) or septate (partially obstructed), which can cause menstrual difficulties or pain during intercourse. The procedure is done under local or general anesthesia and has a short recovery time. Hymenectomy may also be considered for cultural or anatomical reasons in select cases.

Hydrosalpinx

Hydrosalpinx is a condition in which a fallopian tube becomes blocked and filled with fluid, typically due to prior infections, surgery, or pelvic inflammatory disease. It can cause pelvic pain and is a significant factor in infertility. The fluid in a hydrosalpinx can be toxic to embryos, reducing the chances of successful pregnancy, even with IVF. Diagnosis is made via ultrasound or hysterosalpingogram (HSG), and treatment often involves surgical removal or repair of the affected tube.

Hyperemesis Gravidarum

Hyperemesis Gravidarum is a severe form of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy that goes beyond typical morning sickness. It can lead to dehydration, weight loss, electrolyte imbalances, and hospitalization if left untreated. The condition often appears early in pregnancy and may persist for weeks or months. Treatment includes anti-nausea medications, IV fluids, and nutritional support. Close monitoring by a healthcare provider is essential to ensure maternal and fetal health.

Hirsutism

Hirsutism is the excessive growth of coarse, dark hair in areas where women typically have little to no hair—such as the face, chest, back, or abdomen. It is often caused by elevated androgen (male hormone) levels and may be associated with conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), congenital adrenal hyperplasia, or certain medications. Treatment options include hormonal therapies, laser hair removal, and lifestyle changes. Diagnosis involves blood tests and imaging to identify the underlying cause.

High-Risk Pregnancy

A high-risk pregnancy is one in which the health of the mother, baby, or both is at greater risk of complications. Factors may include advanced maternal age, preexisting medical conditions (such as hypertension or diabetes), multiple gestation, previous pregnancy issues, or lifestyle factors like smoking. High-risk pregnancies require closer monitoring, more frequent prenatal visits, specialized testing, and coordinated care with maternal-fetal medicine specialists to ensure the best possible outcomes.

Hormonal IUD

A hormonal intrauterine device (IUD) is a small, T-shaped device inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. It releases a steady, low dose of progestin, which thickens cervical mucus, thins the uterine lining, and may suppress ovulation. Hormonal IUDs are highly effective and can last from 3 to 8 years depending on the brand. They may also reduce menstrual bleeding and cramps. Common brands include Mirena, Kyleena, Liletta, and Skyla.

Hypomenorrhea

Hypomenorrhea refers to unusually light or scant menstrual bleeding. Periods may be short in duration or minimal in flow. While it can be normal for some individuals, it may also result from hormonal imbalances, use of certain contraceptives, stress, excessive exercise, or underlying health conditions such as Asherman’s syndrome or thyroid dysfunction. Evaluation involves a detailed medical history, hormonal testing, and imaging when necessary. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and reproductive goals.

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Infertility

Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after 12 months of regular, unprotected intercourse (or 6 months for women over 35). It can result from factors affecting either or both partners, including ovulatory disorders, tubal blockage, uterine abnormalities, or male factor infertility. Evaluation involves a comprehensive assessment, including blood tests, imaging, and semen analysis. Treatment options may include lifestyle changes, medication, intrauterine insemination (IUI), or assisted reproductive technologies like IVF.

Intrauterine Device (IUD)

An intrauterine device (IUD) is a small, T-shaped contraceptive device inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. IUDs come in two types: hormonal (which release progestin) and non-hormonal (copper-based). Both are over 99% effective and provide long-term contraception ranging from 3 to 10 years, depending on the type. IUDs work by preventing sperm from fertilizing the egg and, in some cases, by thinning the uterine lining. They can be removed at any time when pregnancy is desired.

Incontinence

Incontinence refers to the involuntary loss of bladder control, leading to urine leakage. There are different types, including:

Stress incontinence: leakage during physical activities like coughing or sneezing
Urge incontinence: sudden, intense urge followed by involuntary loss of urine
Mixed incontinence: a combination of both
Causes include weakened pelvic floor muscles, childbirth, menopause, or neurological disorders. Treatments range from pelvic floor exercises and medications to surgical interventions depending on severity and underlying cause.

IVF (In Vitro Fertilization)

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) is an assisted reproductive technology in which eggs are retrieved from the ovaries, fertilized with sperm in a lab, and the resulting embryo(s) are transferred into the uterus. IVF is used to treat various causes of infertility, including blocked fallopian tubes, endometriosis, male factor infertility, or unexplained infertility. The process includes ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, fertilization, embryo culture, and transfer. Success rates depend on multiple factors, including age and embryo quality.

ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection)

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) is a specialized form of IVF in which a single sperm is directly injected into an egg to achieve fertilization. It is commonly used in cases of severe male factor infertility, previous failed fertilization, or when sperm count or motility is significantly low. The resulting embryo is then transferred to the uterus as in standard IVF. ICSI has revolutionized fertility treatment for couples with complex reproductive challenges.

Implantation Bleeding

Implantation bleeding is light spotting or discharge that may occur when a fertilized egg attaches to the uterine lining, typically around 6 to 12 days after ovulation. It is usually lighter and shorter than a menstrual period and is not experienced by all women. Implantation bleeding is considered a normal early pregnancy symptom and is not cause for concern unless accompanied by pain or heavy bleeding. If in doubt, follow-up with a pregnancy test and medical consultation is advised.

Insulin Resistance

Insulin resistance is a condition where the body’s cells become less responsive to insulin, leading to higher blood sugar levels. In gynecology, it is often associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and can impact menstrual regularity, ovulation, and fertility. Over time, insulin resistance may lead to type 2 diabetes. Management includes dietary changes, exercise, weight management, and sometimes medications like metformin. Addressing insulin resistance can improve reproductive and metabolic health.

Immunization in Pregnancy

Immunization during pregnancy is an essential part of prenatal care aimed at protecting both the mother and the baby. Recommended vaccines include:

Influenza (flu): safe in any trimester
Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis): typically given between 27 and 36 weeks
These vaccinations help prevent serious infections in the newborn during the first few months of life. Live vaccines (e.g., MMR) are avoided during pregnancy. Vaccine decisions should be made in consultation with a healthcare provider.

IUGR (Intrauterine Growth Restriction)

Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) refers to a condition where a fetus is smaller than expected for its gestational age, often due to limited growth in the womb. Causes may include placental insufficiency, maternal high blood pressure, infections, smoking, or multiple pregnancy. IUGR increases the risk of complications such as preterm birth and stillbirth. Diagnosis is made through ultrasound measurements, and close monitoring is essential. Depending on severity, early delivery may be considered.

Irregular Periods

Irregular periods are menstrual cycles that vary significantly in length, flow, or timing. While occasional changes can be normal, persistent irregularity may signal underlying issues such as hormonal imbalances, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, or stress. Diagnosis typically involves a review of menstrual history, lab tests, and imaging. Treatment depends on the cause and may include hormonal therapy, lifestyle changes, or management of underlying conditions to restore cycle regularity and reproductive health.

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Jaundice (Neonatal)

Neonatal jaundice is a common condition in newborns characterized by yellowing of the skin and eyes due to elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood. It typically appears within the first few days after birth and is often harmless, resolving on its own as the baby’s liver matures. However, in some cases, high bilirubin levels may require treatment such as phototherapy to prevent complications like kernicterus (a rare type of brain damage). Early detection and monitoring are essential in the newborn period.

Juvenile Cystic Adenomyoma

Juvenile Cystic Adenomyoma is a rare uterine condition that presents in adolescent girls and young women. It involves the presence of cystic lesions within the uterine muscle (myometrium), often associated with severe, cyclic pelvic pain and heavy menstrual bleeding. It is considered a variant of adenomyosis. Diagnosis is typically made through pelvic imaging, such as ultrasound or MRI. Surgical intervention, such as laparoscopic excision, may be necessary for symptom relief when conservative treatments fail.

Jejunal Atresia

Jejunal atresia is a congenital condition where a portion of the jejunum (the middle section of the small intestine) is absent or closed, causing intestinal blockage. It is typically diagnosed shortly after birth when a newborn presents with vomiting, abdominal distension, and failure to pass stool. Though not a gynecologic condition, it is relevant to prenatal care, as it may be identified on routine fetal ultrasounds. Treatment requires surgical correction shortly after delivery and is often successful with proper neonatal care.

Joint Hypermobility

Joint hypermobility refers to joints that move beyond the normal range of motion. While it may be harmless and even advantageous in some individuals (such as dancers or gymnasts), it can also be associated with musculoskeletal pain or syndromes like Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. In obstetrics and gynecology, joint hypermobility may be relevant when assessing pelvic or back pain during pregnancy. Proper musculoskeletal support and physical therapy are often helpful in managing symptoms.

Jitteriness (Newborn)

Jitteriness in newborns refers to involuntary, rhythmic movements or tremors, often of the hands, arms, or legs. It can be a normal finding due to immature nervous system development, especially in the first few days of life. However, persistent or exaggerated jitteriness may signal underlying issues such as hypoglycemia, withdrawal, or neurological conditions. A healthcare provider should evaluate any concerns to rule out more serious causes and provide appropriate management.

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Kegel Exercises

Kegel exercises are pelvic floor muscle-strengthening movements designed to improve bladder control, support the uterus, and enhance sexual function. They involve tightening and holding the muscles used to stop urine flow. Kegels are especially beneficial during and after pregnancy to prevent or treat urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. Performed consistently, they can improve pelvic floor tone and overall core stability. These exercises are non-invasive, discreet, and suitable for women of all ages.

Karyotype

A karyotype is a laboratory test that examines an individual’s chromosomes under a microscope to identify genetic abnormalities. It is used in gynecology and obstetrics to evaluate causes of recurrent miscarriage, infertility, or suspected chromosomal disorders in a fetus. Karyotyping can detect conditions such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21), Turner syndrome, or balanced translocations. The test is typically performed on blood, amniotic fluid, or placental samples and plays a key role in reproductive genetic counseling.

Kleihauer-Betke Test

The Kleihauer-Betke test is a blood test used to detect fetal red blood cells in the maternal bloodstream. It is commonly performed after trauma during pregnancy, delivery, or invasive procedures to assess fetomaternal hemorrhage. In Rh-negative mothers, this test helps determine the appropriate dose of Rh immune globulin needed to prevent Rh sensitization. Accurate detection and treatment are crucial for protecting future pregnancies from hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN).

Ketosis in Pregnancy

Ketosis in pregnancy refers to the buildup of ketones—byproducts of fat metabolism—when the body lacks sufficient carbohydrates for energy. While mild ketosis may occur during fasting or morning sickness, prolonged or severe ketosis can be harmful, especially in women with gestational diabetes. Symptoms may include fatigue, nausea, and fruity-smelling breath. Managing ketosis involves ensuring adequate calorie and carbohydrate intake. In high-risk pregnancies, healthcare providers may monitor ketone levels more closely to prevent complications.

Kidney Infection

A kidney infection, or pyelonephritis, is a serious urinary tract infection (UTI) that travels from the bladder to the kidneys. During pregnancy, anatomical and hormonal changes increase susceptibility to UTIs, which, if untreated, can lead to kidney infections. Symptoms include high fever, back or flank pain, nausea, and urinary urgency or burning. Prompt treatment with antibiotics is essential to prevent complications such as preterm labor, sepsis, or kidney damage. Routine urine screening is a standard part of prenatal care.

Klippel-Trénaunay Syndrome

Klippel-Trénaunay Syndrome (KTS) is a rare congenital condition characterized by a triad of symptoms: port-wine stains, abnormal vein development, and limb overgrowth. Although not primarily a gynecologic disorder, it can have implications in pregnancy and menstruation due to vascular malformations. Pregnant individuals with KTS require specialized care to manage potential risks like bleeding, clot formation, and varicose veins. A multidisciplinary team is often involved in monitoring and delivery planning.

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Labiaplasty

Labiaplasty is a cosmetic or reconstructive surgical procedure that reduces or reshapes the labia minora (inner vaginal lips) or labia majora (outer lips). Women may choose labiaplasty for aesthetic reasons, discomfort during physical activity or intercourse, or to address congenital asymmetry. The procedure is typically performed under local or general anesthesia and has a short recovery period. It’s important for patients to discuss expectations, risks, and alternatives with a board-certified gynecologist or surgeon.

Laparoscopy

Laparoscopy is a minimally invasive surgical technique that allows a physician to view and operate on pelvic and abdominal organs through small incisions using a camera (laparoscope). Commonly used in gynecology to diagnose and treat endometriosis, ovarian cysts, fibroids, and ectopic pregnancy, laparoscopy offers quicker recovery, less pain, and minimal scarring compared to traditional open surgery. It is often performed under general anesthesia and typically allows same-day discharge

Labor Induction

Labor induction is the process of stimulating uterine contractions before natural labor begins to facilitate childbirth. Induction may be recommended for medical reasons such as post-term pregnancy, maternal hypertension, or concerns about fetal well-being. Methods include medications like oxytocin or prostaglandins, membrane stripping, or mechanical dilation of the cervix. The goal is to safely deliver the baby while minimizing risk to the mother and fetus. Induction is closely monitored in a hospital setting.

Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure (LEEP)

LEEP is a procedure used to remove abnormal or precancerous cells from the cervix. It involves using a thin, electrically charged wire loop to excise affected tissue. LEEP is commonly performed after abnormal Pap smear results and is both diagnostic and therapeutic. The procedure is usually done in-office under local anesthesia and takes only a few minutes. Most women recover quickly, though light spotting or cramping may occur afterward. Follow-up is essential to ensure healing and normal cell growth.

Libido

Libido refers to a person’s sexual desire or drive, which can be influenced by physical, emotional, hormonal, and psychological factors. In women, libido may fluctuate due to hormonal changes related to the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, menopause, or use of certain medications like birth control or antidepressants. Low libido can also be linked to stress, fatigue, or relationship issues. Addressing libido concerns often involves a holistic evaluation, and treatment may include counseling, hormone therapy, or lifestyle changes.

Lochia

Lochia is the vaginal discharge that occurs after childbirth as the uterus sheds its lining and returns to its pre-pregnancy size. It typically lasts four to six weeks and changes in color and consistency over time—from bright red (lochia rubra) to pink or brown (lochia serosa), and finally to a yellowish-white (lochia alba). While lochia is a normal part of postpartum recovery, excessive bleeding or foul odor should be evaluated promptly by a healthcare provider.

Lactation

Lactation is the process of producing breast milk, typically initiated by hormonal changes after childbirth. The hormone prolactin stimulates milk production, while oxytocin triggers milk release (let-down reflex). Breastfeeding offers numerous benefits for both the infant and mother, including nutrition, immune protection, and bonding. Some women may experience challenges with milk supply, latch, or discomfort, which can often be addressed with lactation counseling or support from a certified lactation consultant.

Luteal Phase

The luteal phase is the second half of the menstrual cycle, occurring after ovulation and lasting until the start of menstruation—typically about 12 to 14 days. During this phase, the ruptured follicle becomes the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone to prepare the uterine lining for possible implantation. A shortened luteal phase can interfere with fertility, a condition known as luteal phase defect. Progesterone supplements may be recommended in certain fertility treatments to support implantation.

Laser Vaginal Rejuvenation

Laser vaginal rejuvenation is a non-surgical treatment that uses focused laser energy to stimulate collagen production and tighten vaginal tissues. It may be offered to address concerns such as vaginal laxity, dryness, mild urinary incontinence, or decreased sensation—often experienced after childbirth or menopause. The procedure is minimally invasive, typically painless, and performed in-office. Multiple sessions may be required for optimal results. Patients should consult with a qualified provider to determine if this option is appropriate for their needs.

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Menopause

Menopause marks the end of a woman’s reproductive years and is defined as the absence of menstrual periods for 12 consecutive months, typically occurring between ages 45 and 55. It results from a natural decline in estrogen and progesterone production by the ovaries. Common symptoms include hot flashes, night sweats, mood changes, vaginal dryness, and sleep disturbances. While menopause is a normal life stage, treatment options like hormone therapy, lifestyle adjustments, and supplements can help manage symptoms and support long-term health.

Menorrhagia

Menorrhagia refers to abnormally heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding. Women with menorrhagia may soak through pads or tampons every hour for several hours, pass large clots, or bleed longer than a week. It can result from hormonal imbalances, uterine fibroids, polyps, bleeding disorders, or thyroid issues. Diagnosis involves medical history, pelvic exams, blood work, and imaging. Treatments range from hormonal medications and non-hormonal options like tranexamic acid to procedures like endometrial ablation or hysterectomy, depending on severity and reproductive plans.

Miscarriage

Miscarriage, or spontaneous abortion, is the loss of a pregnancy before 20 weeks of gestation. It is a common event, affecting roughly 10–20% of known pregnancies, often due to chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus. Symptoms may include vaginal bleeding, cramping, and the passing of tissue. Management options include expectant care (waiting for natural expulsion), medication, or surgical procedures like dilation and curettage (D&C). Emotional support and follow-up care are essential components of recovery.

Mastitis

Mastitis is an inflammation of breast tissue, typically caused by a blocked milk duct or bacterial infection, most often in breastfeeding women. Symptoms include breast pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and sometimes fever or chills. Prompt treatment with antibiotics and continued breastfeeding or pumping can help resolve the infection. Left untreated, mastitis can develop into an abscess. Supportive measures like rest, hydration, and warm compresses also aid recovery.

Molar Pregnancy

A molar pregnancy is a rare complication of pregnancy involving abnormal growth of trophoblastic tissue, which normally forms the placenta. It results from genetic errors during fertilization and leads to a non-viable pregnancy. Types include complete (no fetus present) and partial (abnormal fetus with placental tissue). Symptoms may include vaginal bleeding, rapid uterine growth, severe nausea, and high hCG levels. Diagnosis is made via ultrasound and blood tests. Treatment involves uterine evacuation and close follow-up to monitor hCG levels and rule out persistent gestational trophoblastic disease.

Morning Sickness

Morning sickness refers to nausea and vomiting experienced during early pregnancy, typically in the first trimester. Despite the name, symptoms can occur at any time of day. It is believed to be linked to hormonal changes, particularly rising hCG and estrogen levels. While mild symptoms are common and self-limiting, severe cases (hyperemesis gravidarum) may require medical intervention. Remedies include eating small, frequent meals, ginger, vitamin B6, and in some cases, prescription anti-nausea medications.

Myomectomy

Myomectomy is a surgical procedure to remove uterine fibroids (leiomyomas) while preserving the uterus. It is often recommended for women experiencing heavy bleeding, pelvic pressure, or fertility issues due to fibroids. Depending on size, number, and location of fibroids, the procedure can be performed abdominally, laparoscopically, or hysteroscopically. Recovery time varies by method. Unlike hysterectomy, myomectomy allows women to maintain their ability to conceive, making it a preferred option for those seeking fertility preservation.

Multiple Pregnancy

Multiple pregnancy involves carrying more than one fetus, such as twins, triplets, or higher-order multiples. It can occur naturally or as a result of fertility treatments. Multiple gestations are associated with increased risks, including preterm birth, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, and low birth weight. Care for multiple pregnancies involves more frequent prenatal visits, detailed ultrasounds, and often coordination with maternal-fetal medicine specialists to monitor fetal growth and prevent complications.

Mood Disorders (Perinatal)

Perinatal mood disorders encompass a range of emotional health conditions that occur during pregnancy and up to one year postpartum. These include prenatal and postpartum depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and, in rare cases, postpartum psychosis. Symptoms may include persistent sadness, fatigue, irritability, sleep disturbances, or feelings of hopelessness. Untreated mood disorders can affect both maternal and infant health. Effective treatments include counseling, support groups, and, when necessary, medications that are safe during pregnancy and lactation.

Medical Abortion

Medical abortion is a non-surgical method for terminating a pregnancy, typically within the first 10 weeks of gestation. It involves taking a combination of medications—mifepristone to block progesterone, followed by misoprostol to induce uterine contractions and expel pregnancy tissue. The process is usually completed at home under medical supervision. Medical abortion is safe, effective, and an option for women seeking early termination without surgery. Follow-up is important to confirm complete resolution and address any complications.

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NovaSure (Related to Vaginal Rejuvenation)

NovaSure is an endometrial ablation procedure designed to treat heavy menstrual bleeding by permanently removing the endometrial lining of the uterus. Though not primarily used for vaginal rejuvenation, it may indirectly improve quality of life for women experiencing disruptive bleeding. The procedure is quick—typically less than 5 minutes—and performed in-office or under light sedation. NovaSure is not a contraceptive method and is recommended only for women who are finished having children. Results often include lighter periods or complete cessation of menstruation.

Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy

Nausea and vomiting are common symptoms during pregnancy, affecting up to 80% of women, especially in the first trimester. Often referred to as “morning sickness,” symptoms can occur at any time of day and are usually triggered by hormonal changes, particularly rising levels of hCG and estrogen. While mild cases resolve naturally, persistent or severe symptoms (hyperemesis gravidarum) may require medical attention. Treatment includes dietary adjustments, vitamin B6, ginger, and anti-nausea medications when needed.

Neural Tube Defects

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are serious birth defects of the brain, spine, or spinal cord that occur early in fetal development when the neural tube fails to close properly. Common types include spina bifida and anencephaly. Adequate intake of folic acid before and during early pregnancy significantly reduces the risk of NTDs. Prenatal screening and diagnostic tests, such as AFP blood tests or targeted ultrasound, help identify NTDs. Early detection allows for timely medical planning or interventions.

Non-Stress Test (NST)

A Non-Stress Test (NST) is a prenatal screening used to assess fetal well-being, typically in the third trimester or in high-risk pregnancies. The test monitors the fetal heart rate in response to fetal movements using external sensors placed on the mother’s abdomen. A “reactive” result, where the heart rate increases with movement, indicates healthy fetal activity. NSTs are non-invasive and often used to evaluate conditions like gestational diabetes, hypertension, or decreased fetal movement.

Nuchal Translucency Scan

The Nuchal Translucency (NT) scan is a specialized ultrasound performed between 11 and 14 weeks of pregnancy to measure the clear (translucent) space at the back of the baby’s neck. Increased thickness in this area can indicate a higher risk for chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome, as well as certain heart defects. The NT scan is typically combined with a blood test to provide a more accurate risk assessment as part of first-trimester screening.

Natural Family Planning

Natural Family Planning (NFP), also known as fertility awareness, involves tracking a woman’s natural fertility signals—such as basal body temperature, cervical mucus, and menstrual cycle timing—to determine fertile and infertile days. It can be used to achieve or avoid pregnancy without the use of hormonal or barrier methods. While NFP is a drug-free and hormone-free option, its effectiveness relies on consistent and accurate tracking. It requires education and commitment for successful implementation.

Neonatal Care

Neonatal care encompasses the medical attention and support given to newborns during the first 28 days of life. This includes routine procedures such as newborn screenings, vaccinations, and monitoring for feeding and weight gain. In cases of premature birth, low birth weight, or health complications, specialized neonatal intensive care (NICU) may be required. Early and comprehensive neonatal care is critical for ensuring a healthy transition from womb to world and setting the foundation for long-term well-being.

Nipple Discharge

Nipple discharge refers to any fluid that leaks from the nipple outside of breastfeeding. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including hormonal fluctuations, benign growths (like papillomas), infections, medications, or in rare cases, breast cancer. Discharge may be clear, milky, greenish, or bloody, and evaluation typically involves a clinical breast exam, imaging, and possible laboratory testing. While most cases are benign, any persistent or concerning discharge should be examined by a healthcare provider.

Nutritional Deficiency (Pregnancy)

Nutritional deficiency during pregnancy can impact both maternal health and fetal development. Common deficiencies include iron, folic acid, calcium, vitamin D, and iodine. These shortages can lead to complications such as anemia, neural tube defects, low birth weight, and impaired bone or brain development. Prenatal vitamins, a well-balanced diet, and regular monitoring help ensure adequate nutrient intake. Healthcare providers may recommend additional supplementation based on individual needs and lab results.

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Obstetrics Care

Obstetrics care involves the comprehensive management of pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. It includes prenatal care (monitoring fetal development, managing maternal health, and screening for complications), delivery support, and postnatal care. Obstetricians guide patients through both routine and high-risk pregnancies, offering services such as ultrasounds, prenatal testing, labor management, and cesarean sections when necessary. Quality obstetric care is essential for ensuring the health and safety of both mother and baby throughout the pregnancy journey.

Ovulation

Ovulation is the phase in the menstrual cycle when a mature egg is released from the ovary, typically occurring around day 14 of a 28-day cycle. It marks the most fertile period and is essential for natural conception. Ovulation is regulated by a complex hormonal interaction involving luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Tracking ovulation through basal body temperature, ovulation predictor kits, or ultrasound monitoring is often used in fertility planning or evaluation.

Ovarian Cyst

An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac that forms on or within an ovary. Most cysts are functional and resolve on their own without symptoms. However, some cysts, such as dermoid cysts, endometriomas, or cystadenomas, may cause pelvic pain, bloating, or menstrual irregularities. Large or persistent cysts can sometimes rupture or twist (torsion), requiring medical attention. Diagnosis is typically made via pelvic ultrasound, and treatment depends on the cyst’s type, size, and symptoms.

Oligomenorrhea

Oligomenorrhea refers to infrequent menstrual periods, typically defined as cycles that occur more than 35 days apart or fewer than six to eight times per year. It can be caused by hormonal imbalances, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), excessive exercise, stress, thyroid disorders, or eating disorders. Evaluation includes a thorough medical history, hormonal testing, and pelvic imaging. Treatment targets the underlying cause and may involve lifestyle changes, hormonal therapy, or fertility support if pregnancy is desired.

Oocyte Retrieval

Oocyte retrieval is a key step in assisted reproductive technologies like in vitro fertilization (IVF). It involves collecting mature eggs from the ovaries using a thin needle guided by ultrasound, typically performed under light sedation. Prior to retrieval, ovarian stimulation medications are used to promote the development of multiple eggs. The retrieved oocytes are then fertilized in the lab. Oocyte retrieval is a safe, outpatient procedure, and its success depends on patient age, egg quality, and response to stimulation.

Ovarian Reserve

Ovarian reserve refers to the quantity and quality of a woman’s remaining eggs and is a key factor in fertility potential. It naturally declines with age, particularly after age 35. Ovarian reserve can be evaluated through blood tests measuring Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH), FSH, and estradiol, as well as ultrasound assessments of antral follicle count. Understanding ovarian reserve helps guide fertility planning and treatment, especially in women undergoing assisted reproductive procedures or fertility preservation.

Ovarian Torsion

Ovarian torsion is a medical emergency that occurs when an ovary twists around the ligaments that support it, cutting off its blood supply. It often results from an ovarian cyst or mass and causes sudden, severe pelvic pain, nausea, and vomiting. Prompt diagnosis with pelvic ultrasound and surgical intervention is critical to preserve ovarian function and prevent tissue death. Delay in treatment can lead to loss of the ovary and fertility complications.

Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by decreased bone density and increased risk of fractures. It commonly affects postmenopausal women due to the sharp decline in estrogen levels, which are vital for bone maintenance. Early detection through bone density scans (DEXA) is important, particularly for women with risk factors like early menopause, family history, or long-term steroid use. Prevention and treatment may include calcium and vitamin D supplementation, weight-bearing exercise, and medications that strengthen bone.

Oral Contraceptives

Oral contraceptives, commonly known as birth control pills, are medications taken daily to prevent pregnancy. They typically contain synthetic forms of estrogen and progestin, which work by inhibiting ovulation, thickening cervical mucus, and altering the uterine lining. In addition to contraception, oral contraceptives may be prescribed for regulating menstrual cycles, reducing menstrual cramps, treating acne, or managing conditions like PCOS or endometriosis. Effectiveness depends on consistent daily use and proper medical supervision.

Oxytocin

Oxytocin is a hormone naturally produced by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland. It plays a central role in childbirth by stimulating uterine contractions and is often administered medically to induce or augment labor. Oxytocin also promotes the let-down reflex during breastfeeding and supports maternal-infant bonding. Beyond its reproductive functions, it’s often referred to as the “love hormone” due to its role in social bonding and emotional connection.

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Pap Smear

A Pap smear (or Pap test) is a routine screening procedure used to detect abnormal cells in the cervix, which may indicate cervical precancer or cancer. During the test, a small sample of cervical cells is collected and examined under a microscope. It is typically recommended for women starting at age 21 and repeated every 3–5 years, depending on age and test results. Regular Pap smears are crucial for early detection and prevention of cervical cancer.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is an infection of the female reproductive organs, often caused by sexually transmitted bacteria such as Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It can affect the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. Symptoms may include pelvic pain, fever, unusual vaginal discharge, and pain during intercourse. If left untreated, PID can lead to infertility, chronic pain, or ectopic pregnancy. Treatment involves antibiotics, and early diagnosis is key to preventing long-term complications.

Pelvic Floor Therapy

Pelvic floor therapy is a specialized form of physical therapy aimed at strengthening or relaxing the muscles that support the bladder, uterus, and rectum. It is commonly used to treat conditions such as urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, pain during intercourse, and postpartum pelvic dysfunction. Therapy may include exercises (like Kegels), manual techniques, biofeedback, and lifestyle modifications. Personalized pelvic floor therapy helps restore function, improve comfort, and enhance quality of life.

Placenta Previa

Placenta previa is a condition in which the placenta partially or completely covers the cervix, potentially obstructing the birth canal. It can cause painless vaginal bleeding in the second or third trimester and poses risks during labor and delivery. Diagnosis is made via ultrasound, and management involves activity modification, monitoring, and, in most cases, cesarean delivery. Early detection and proper planning are essential for reducing complications to both mother and baby.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder characterized by irregular menstrual cycles, excess androgen (male hormone) levels, and polycystic ovaries. Common symptoms include acne, hirsutism (excess facial/body hair), weight gain, infertility, and ovarian cysts. PCOS is also linked to insulin resistance and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Diagnosis is based on clinical findings, hormonal testing, and ultrasound. Treatment may include lifestyle changes, hormonal therapy, fertility medications, and insulin-sensitizing drugs.

Preterm Labor

Preterm labor occurs when regular contractions and cervical changes begin before 37 weeks of pregnancy. Risk factors include previous preterm births, multiple pregnancies, uterine abnormalities, infections, or lifestyle factors like smoking. Symptoms include pelvic pressure, lower back pain, and regular uterine contractions. Prompt medical intervention can sometimes delay delivery, allowing time for steroid treatment to improve fetal lung maturity. Monitoring and preventative strategies are essential for managing high-risk pregnancies.

Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia is a potentially serious pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and signs of damage to organs such as the liver or kidneys, usually occurring after 20 weeks of gestation. Symptoms include swelling, headaches, visual disturbances, and protein in the urine. If left untreated, it can lead to eclampsia (seizures), organ failure, or preterm delivery. Management may include blood pressure medications, close monitoring, and early delivery when necessary to protect both mother and baby.

Postpartum Depression

Postpartum depression is a mood disorder that affects women after childbirth, often emerging within the first few weeks to months postpartum. It is more severe than the “baby blues” and may involve persistent sadness, fatigue, irritability, anxiety, loss of interest in activities, and difficulty bonding with the baby. Causes may include hormonal changes, sleep deprivation, and emotional stress. Treatment involves counseling, support groups, and, in some cases, antidepressant medications. Early intervention is crucial for maternal and infant well-being.

Perimenopause

Perimenopause is the transitional phase leading up to menopause, marked by fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone levels. It typically begins in a woman’s 40s but can start earlier. Symptoms may include irregular periods, hot flashes, night sweats, mood swings, sleep disturbances, and vaginal dryness. This phase can last several years until menstruation ceases entirely. Management options include lifestyle changes, hormone therapy, and non-hormonal treatments to ease symptoms and support quality of life.

Puberty Disorders

Puberty disorders refer to abnormalities in the timing or progression of puberty. These include:

Precocious puberty: onset of puberty before age 8 in girls
Delayed puberty: lack of signs of puberty by age 13
Disordered puberty: irregular progression of pubertal milestones
Causes may include hormonal imbalances, genetic conditions, or underlying medical issues. Evaluation involves physical exams, hormonal testing, and imaging. Treatment depends on the cause and may involve hormone therapy or specialist referral for long-term management.

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Quickening (First Fetal Movements)

Quickening refers to the first noticeable movements of the fetus felt by the pregnant individual, often described as flutters, bubbles, or light tapping. It typically occurs between 16 and 25 weeks of pregnancy, earlier in those who have been pregnant before. Quickening is a reassuring sign of fetal activity and growth. While movement patterns vary, a sudden decrease or absence of fetal movement in later pregnancy should prompt medical evaluation.

Quad Screen (Prenatal Testing)

The Quad Screen is a second-trimester blood test performed between 15 and 22 weeks of pregnancy. It measures four substances—alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), estriol, and inhibin A—to assess the risk of certain fetal conditions, including Down syndrome, trisomy 18, and neural tube defects. While not diagnostic, the Quad Screen helps identify pregnancies that may benefit from further testing, such as ultrasound or amniocentesis. Results are interpreted in combination with maternal age and other factors.

Quinine in Pregnancy

Quinine is a medication historically used to treat malaria. In pregnancy, it may be prescribed for severe malaria infections, particularly in areas where drug-resistant malaria is prevalent. While quinine is effective, it must be used cautiously, especially during the first trimester, due to potential side effects such as hypoglycemia or auditory damage. It is generally reserved for cases where the benefits of treatment outweigh the risks. Alternative medications may be considered depending on the clinical situation and geographic exposure.

Quiescence (Uterine)

Uterine quiescence refers to the natural state of uterine inactivity during most of pregnancy. During this phase, the uterus remains relaxed, preventing premature contractions and maintaining a stable environment for fetal development. Hormonal factors—including elevated progesterone and nitric oxide—help maintain this non-contractile state. Toward the end of pregnancy, hormonal shifts lead to the transition from quiescence to active contractions, signaling the onset of labor.

Quality of Life (Pelvic Health)

Quality of life in pelvic health refers to how well an individual functions physically, emotionally, and socially in relation to their pelvic health. Conditions such as urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, chronic pelvic pain, or sexual dysfunction can significantly impact daily life and self-esteem. A comprehensive approach—including pelvic floor therapy, lifestyle modifications, counseling, and medical or surgical treatments—aims to restore function and improve overall well-being for individuals affected by pelvic health disorders.

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Recurrent Pregnancy Loss

Recurrent pregnancy loss is defined as two or more consecutive miscarriages before 20 weeks of gestation. Causes may include genetic abnormalities, hormonal imbalances, anatomical issues, blood clotting disorders, or immune-related conditions. In some cases, no clear cause is found. Evaluation typically includes blood tests, imaging studies, and sometimes genetic screening of both partners. With appropriate diagnosis and treatment—ranging from medications to surgical correction—many individuals go on to have successful pregnancies.

Reproductive Endocrinology

Reproductive endocrinology is a subspecialty of obstetrics and gynecology that focuses on hormonal functioning as it pertains to reproduction. Reproductive endocrinologists diagnose and treat infertility, menstrual disorders, endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), early or delayed puberty, and menopause-related concerns. They also oversee advanced fertility treatments such as IVF, ICSI, and egg freezing. This specialty combines hormonal therapy, minimally invasive surgery, and assisted reproductive technology to support patients’ fertility goals and hormonal health.

Rh Incompatibility

Rh incompatibility occurs when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus, potentially leading to the mother’s immune system producing antibodies against the baby’s red blood cells. This immune response can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn in future pregnancies. Prevention involves administering Rh immune globulin (Rhogam) around 28 weeks of pregnancy and after delivery if the baby is Rh-positive. Early identification through blood testing and proactive treatment are key to preventing complications.

Round Ligament Pain

Round ligament pain is a common and typically harmless discomfort experienced during pregnancy, especially in the second trimester. It results from the stretching of the round ligaments that support the uterus as it grows. The pain is often sharp or cramp-like, usually felt in the lower abdomen or groin, particularly with sudden movements or position changes. While uncomfortable, it is not dangerous. Rest, gentle stretching, and wearing a maternity support belt may provide relief.

Robotic Gynecologic Surgery

Robotic gynecologic surgery is an advanced, minimally invasive surgical technique that uses robotic-assisted technology to perform procedures with enhanced precision and control. Common applications include hysterectomy, myomectomy, endometriosis excision, and pelvic organ prolapse repair. Benefits often include smaller incisions, less postoperative pain, quicker recovery, and reduced hospital stays. The surgeon remains in control at all times while operating the robotic arms from a nearby console, offering improved visualization and dexterity in complex cases.

Retroverted Uterus

A retroverted uterus is a uterus that tilts backward toward the spine instead of its usual forward position. Also known as a tilted or tipped uterus, it is a normal anatomical variation present in about 20–30% of women. Most women with a retroverted uterus experience no symptoms or complications. However, some may report pelvic pain, discomfort during intercourse, or difficulties with certain pelvic exams. It does not typically affect fertility or pregnancy outcomes.

Radiation Therapy (Gynecologic Cancer)

Radiation therapy is a treatment modality used to destroy cancer cells by targeting them with high-energy rays. In gynecologic cancers—such as cervical, endometrial, vaginal, or vulvar cancer—it may be used alone or in combination with surgery or chemotherapy. Types include external beam radiation and brachytherapy (internal radiation). Side effects can include fatigue, skin changes, and irritation of nearby organs, but treatment is precisely planned to minimize impact on healthy tissue.

Rhesus Factor

The Rhesus (Rh) factor is a protein found on the surface of red blood cells. Individuals who have it are Rh-positive, while those who lack it are Rh-negative. Rh factor becomes important in pregnancy if an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus, as it may trigger the mother’s immune system to produce antibodies that can harm future pregnancies. Testing and preventive treatment with Rh immune globulin help avoid this immune reaction and protect maternal-fetal health.

Reproductive Immunology

Reproductive immunology is the study of how the immune system affects fertility, pregnancy, and reproductive health. It explores how immune responses can influence implantation, embryo development, or pregnancy loss. Disorders such as autoimmune diseases, antiphospholipid syndrome, or unexplained infertility may be linked to immune system dysfunction. Treatments may involve immunosuppressive medications, anticoagulants, or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), depending on the condition. This emerging field provides insight into complex fertility issues and recurrent pregnancy loss.

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STI (Sexually Transmitted Infection)

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are infections passed from one person to another through sexual contact. Common STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes, human papillomavirus (HPV), HIV, and trichomoniasis. Some STIs can be asymptomatic, making regular testing essential for sexually active individuals. If left untreated, STIs can lead to complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Early detection, safe sex practices, and prompt treatment are key to prevention and control.

Sonohysterogram

A sonohysterogram, also called saline infusion sonography, is a specialized ultrasound used to evaluate the uterus. During the procedure, sterile saline is gently infused into the uterine cavity through a thin catheter, which enhances visualization of the uterine lining and structure. It helps identify abnormalities such as polyps, fibroids, adhesions, or congenital anomalies like a septate uterus. The test is minimally invasive and typically performed in-office with minimal discomfort.

Stillbirth

Stillbirth is the loss of a baby after 20 weeks of pregnancy but before or during delivery. Causes may include placental complications, infections, genetic conditions, maternal health issues (such as hypertension or diabetes), or umbilical cord accidents. In many cases, the cause remains unknown. Management includes induction of labor and emotional support. After a stillbirth, testing may be recommended to help determine the cause and guide future pregnancy planning. Compassionate care and counseling are essential for grieving families.

Stress Urinary Incontinence

Stress urinary incontinence is the involuntary leakage of urine during physical activities that increase abdominal pressure, such as coughing, sneezing, laughing, or exercise. It is commonly caused by weakened pelvic floor muscles, often due to childbirth, aging, or hormonal changes. Treatment options include pelvic floor exercises (Kegels), bladder training, lifestyle changes, physical therapy, pessary use, or surgical procedures like sling placement. Early intervention can significantly improve quality of life.

Surrogacy

Surrogacy is an arrangement where a woman (the surrogate) carries and delivers a baby on behalf of another individual or couple. There are two main types:

Traditional surrogacy: the surrogate’s egg is used, making her the genetic mother.
Gestational surrogacy: an embryo from the intended parents (or donors) is implanted in the surrogate, who has no genetic link to the baby.
Gestational surrogacy is more commonly practiced and typically involves legal agreements and medical coordination through fertility clinics.

Salpingectomy

Salpingectomy is the surgical removal of one or both fallopian tubes. It may be performed to treat ectopic pregnancy, tubal infections, endometriosis, or as a preventive measure in individuals at high risk for ovarian cancer (e.g., BRCA mutation carriers). It is also used for permanent sterilization. The procedure can be done laparoscopically or via open surgery and often allows for quick recovery. Salpingectomy does not affect hormone production or the menstrual cycle unless both ovaries are also removed.

Syphilis

Syphilis is a bacterial sexually transmitted infection caused by Treponema pallidum. It progresses through stages—primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary—each with distinct symptoms ranging from painless sores and rashes to serious organ damage if untreated. In pregnancy, syphilis can cross the placenta and lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, or congenital infection. Routine prenatal screening is essential. Syphilis is diagnosed via blood tests and effectively treated with antibiotics, typically penicillin.

Spotting

Spotting refers to light vaginal bleeding that occurs outside of a normal menstrual period. It can be caused by hormonal fluctuations, ovulation, early pregnancy, contraception (like IUDs or birth control pills), or underlying medical conditions such as fibroids or infections. While occasional spotting is usually benign, persistent or unexplained bleeding should be evaluated by a healthcare provider. Diagnostic tools may include pelvic exams, ultrasound, and blood tests.

Septate Uterus

A septate uterus is a congenital uterine anomaly in which a fibrous or muscular band (septum) divides the uterine cavity partially or completely. It is one of the most common structural abnormalities of the uterus and may be associated with infertility, recurrent miscarriage, or preterm birth. Diagnosis is made through imaging studies such as hysterosalpingography (HSG), 3D ultrasound, or MRI. Treatment often involves hysteroscopic resection of the septum to improve reproductive outcomes.

Sexual Dysfunction

Sexual dysfunction refers to problems that interfere with sexual desire, arousal, orgasm, or satisfaction. In women, common issues include low libido, vaginal dryness, pain during intercourse (dyspareunia), and difficulty achieving orgasm. Causes may be physical (hormonal imbalances, pelvic disorders), psychological (stress, anxiety), or relational. Evaluation involves a comprehensive medical and sexual history. Treatment may include counseling, hormone therapy, pelvic floor therapy, or medical devices, depending on the underlying cause.

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Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which can be contracted through undercooked meat, contaminated soil, or contact with cat feces. While typically mild in healthy individuals, it can pose serious risks during pregnancy, including miscarriage, stillbirth, or congenital defects in the baby. Pregnant individuals should avoid handling raw meat, gardening without gloves, and cleaning litter boxes. Diagnosis involves blood testing, and treatment during pregnancy may include specific antibiotics to reduce fetal risk.

Trichomoniasis

Trichomoniasis is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. It often presents with symptoms such as vaginal itching, burning, unusual discharge, or painful urination, although many individuals remain asymptomatic. If left untreated, it can increase the risk of contracting other STIs and lead to complications during pregnancy, such as preterm delivery. Trichomoniasis is diagnosed with lab testing and is effectively treated with oral antibiotics, typically metronidazole or tinidazole.

Tubal Ligation

Tubal ligation, also known as “getting your tubes tied,” is a permanent method of female sterilization. The procedure involves cutting, sealing, or blocking the fallopian tubes to prevent eggs from meeting sperm, thereby preventing pregnancy. It can be performed laparoscopically or during a cesarean section. While highly effective, it does not protect against STIs and should be considered irreversible. Some women may later seek reversal or IVF if future pregnancy is desired.

Thrombophilia

Thrombophilia is a condition in which the blood has an increased tendency to clot. It may be inherited or acquired and can lead to complications such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism, or pregnancy-related issues like recurrent miscarriage, preeclampsia, or placental abruption. Common types include Factor V Leiden mutation and antiphospholipid syndrome. Diagnosis is made via specialized blood tests, and treatment during pregnancy may involve low-dose aspirin or blood-thinning medications such as heparin.

Term Pregnancy

A term pregnancy refers to a pregnancy that has reached between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation. It is further categorized as:

Early term: 37 weeks 0 days to 38 weeks 6 days
Full term: 39 weeks 0 days to 40 weeks 6 days
Late term: 41 weeks 0 days to 41 weeks 6 days
Postterm: 42 weeks and beyond deliveries within this window are associated with the lowest risk of complications and are generally considered optimal for both mother and baby.

Turner Syndrome

Turner Syndrome is a genetic condition that affects females and occurs when one of the X chromosomes is missing or partially missing. It can lead to short stature, delayed puberty, infertility, heart or kidney abnormalities, and certain learning challenges. Most cases are diagnosed during childhood or adolescence due to growth or developmental concerns. Management involves hormone therapy (e.g., growth hormone, estrogen replacement) and regular monitoring for associated health risks. Early diagnosis allows for timely interventions and support.

TempSure

TempSure is a non-invasive radiofrequency treatment used in gynecology and aesthetic medicine for vaginal rejuvenation and skin tightening. In women’s health, it is often used to treat vaginal laxity, dryness, or mild urinary incontinence by stimulating collagen production and improving tissue tone. The procedure is painless, requires no downtime, and is typically performed in a series of sessions. TempSure is considered safe and effective for women seeking non-surgical options to improve intimate wellness.

Teratogen

A teratogen is any substance or environmental factor that can cause developmental abnormalities or birth defects in a fetus when exposure occurs during pregnancy. Examples include certain medications, alcohol, tobacco, illicit drugs, infections (like rubella or Zika), and radiation. The risk depends on the timing, dose, and duration of exposure. Pregnant individuals are advised to consult their healthcare provider before taking any medications or supplements and to avoid known teratogens for fetal safety.

Transvaginal Ultrasound

A transvaginal ultrasound is a type of pelvic imaging in which a thin, wand-like probe is inserted into the vagina to provide detailed images of the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, and surrounding structures. It offers greater clarity than abdominal ultrasound and is commonly used to evaluate early pregnancy, abnormal bleeding, pelvic pain, ovarian cysts, and infertility. The procedure is safe, typically painless, and can be completed within minutes during a routine gynecologic visit.

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Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common infection that occurs in any part of the urinary system, including the bladder, urethra, or kidneys. In women, UTIs are more frequent due to the shorter urethra. Symptoms often include burning during urination, frequent urges to urinate, lower abdominal pain, and cloudy or foul-smelling urine. During pregnancy, UTIs require prompt treatment to avoid complications. Diagnosis is made via urine tests, and treatment typically involves antibiotics.

Uterine Fibroids

Uterine fibroids, or leiomyomas, are benign (non-cancerous) tumors that develop from the muscle tissue of the uterus. They vary in size and location and may cause symptoms such as heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pressure, frequent urination, or infertility. While many fibroids are asymptomatic and require no treatment, symptomatic cases may be managed with medication, hormone therapy, or surgical options such as myomectomy or hysterectomy. Fibroids are most common in women during their reproductive years.

Uterine Prolapse

Uterine prolapse occurs when the uterus descends into or protrudes out of the vaginal canal due to weakened pelvic floor muscles and ligaments. This condition often results from childbirth, aging, or chronic pressure from obesity or straining. Symptoms include a sensation of pelvic heaviness, vaginal bulging, or urinary incontinence. Treatment options range from pelvic floor exercises and pessary use to surgical procedures, depending on the severity and a patient’s reproductive goals and health status.

Umbilical Cord Prolapse

Umbilical cord prolapse is an obstetric emergency where the umbilical cord slips through the cervix into the birth canal ahead of the baby during labor. This can compress the cord and reduce oxygen supply to the fetus. It is more likely to occur with premature rupture of membranes, abnormal fetal position, or multiple pregnancies. Immediate delivery, often via cesarean section, is typically required to ensure the safety of the baby.

Ultrasound

Ultrasound is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to create real-time images of internal organs and structures. In gynecology and obstetrics, it is commonly used to monitor fetal development, assess reproductive organs, diagnose abnormalities, and guide certain procedures. Types include transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasound. It is safe during pregnancy and provides essential information about fetal growth, heartbeat, position, and the health of the uterus and ovaries.

Urethral Syndrome

Urethral syndrome refers to symptoms of urinary urgency, frequency, and burning in the absence of a bacterial infection or other clear cause. It may be related to inflammation, hormonal changes, pelvic floor dysfunction, or irritation from hygiene products or sexual activity. Diagnosis involves ruling out other causes such as UTIs or interstitial cystitis. Treatment typically includes behavioral strategies, pelvic floor therapy, anti-inflammatory medications, or estrogen cream for postmenopausal women.

Uterine Atony

Uterine atony is the failure of the uterus to contract effectively after childbirth, which can lead to significant postpartum hemorrhage. It is one of the leading causes of maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Risk factors include prolonged labor, high parity, use of certain medications during labor, or retained placental fragments. Treatment involves uterine massage, medications like oxytocin to stimulate contractions, and, in severe cases, surgical intervention to control bleeding.

Uterine Cancer

Uterine cancer typically refers to endometrial cancer, which originates in the lining of the uterus. It is the most common gynecologic cancer in the United States and often presents with abnormal uterine bleeding, especially after menopause. Risk factors include obesity, unopposed estrogen therapy, and a history of irregular periods. Diagnosis is confirmed through endometrial biopsy. Treatment options include surgery (hysterectomy), radiation, and chemotherapy, depending on the stage and type of cancer.

Urethritis

Urethritis is inflammation of the urethra, the tube that carries urine out of the body. It may result from infections (such as gonorrhea or chlamydia), irritation from chemical products, or trauma. Symptoms include burning with urination, increased urinary frequency, and discharge. Diagnosis includes urine testing and screening for STIs. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve antibiotics, avoiding irritants, and supportive care.

Uterine Anomalies

Uterine anomalies are structural abnormalities of the uterus that develop during fetal formation. Common types include septate uterus, bicornuate uterus, unicornuate uterus, and didelphys uterus (double uterus). These anomalies may be asymptomatic or associated with infertility, recurrent pregnancy loss, or complications during pregnancy and delivery. Diagnosis typically involves ultrasound, MRI, or hysterosalpingography. In some cases, surgical correction may be recommended to improve reproductive outcomes.

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Vaginal Rejuvenation

Vaginal rejuvenation refers to non-surgical or surgical procedures aimed at restoring the tone, strength, and function of the vaginal tissues. Often sought after childbirth or during menopause, treatments may include laser therapy, radiofrequency devices (e.g., TempSure), or surgical tightening techniques. Benefits can include improved vaginal laxity, enhanced sexual satisfaction, and relief from urinary incontinence or dryness. A consultation with a qualified gynecologist can help determine the most appropriate treatment for individual needs.

Vulvodynia

Vulvodynia is chronic pain or discomfort of the vulva that lasts for three months or more without an identifiable cause. Symptoms may include burning, stinging, irritation, or rawness, often worsened by touch or intercourse. It can significantly impact quality of life and emotional well-being. Diagnosis is made by excluding other conditions and through physical examination. Treatment may include topical medications, pelvic floor therapy, nerve blocks, or counseling for associated stress or anxiety.

Vaginitis

Vaginitis is inflammation or infection of the vagina, resulting in symptoms such as itching, irritation, discharge, and odor. Common types include:

Bacterial vaginosis (imbalance of vaginal bacteria)
Yeast infections (Candida overgrowth)
Trichomoniasis (sexually transmitted infection)

Diagnosis is made through a pelvic exam and lab tests. Treatment depends on the cause and may include antibiotics or antifungal medications. Maintaining vaginal pH balance and avoiding irritants can help prevent recurrence.

Vacuum-Assisted Delivery

Vacuum-assisted delivery is a method of assisted vaginal birth in which a healthcare provider uses a soft suction cup attached to a vacuum pump to help guide the baby out during a contraction. It may be used when labor isn’t progressing, or in cases of fetal distress. This procedure is typically performed under close monitoring and is considered safe when used appropriately. Possible risks include minor scalp injuries for the baby and perineal tears for the mother.

Vulvar Cancer

Vulvar cancer is a rare form of gynecologic cancer that affects the external female genitalia. It most commonly occurs in postmenopausal women but can affect younger women, especially those with HPV infection or lichen sclerosus. Symptoms may include persistent itching, pain, skin changes, or a lump or sore that does not heal. Early detection through pelvic exams and biopsies is critical. Treatment may involve surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy depending on the stage and location.

Vaginal Atrophy

Vaginal atrophy, also known as genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM), refers to the thinning, drying, and inflammation of vaginal tissues due to decreased estrogen levels—often during or after menopause. Symptoms include dryness, irritation, itching, painful intercourse, and urinary issues. Treatment options include vaginal moisturizers, lubricants, and estrogen-based therapies (local or systemic). Early management improves comfort and sexual health while supporting the integrity of vaginal tissues.

Vaginal Prolapse

Vaginal prolapse occurs when the walls of the vagina or nearby pelvic organs (such as the bladder or rectum) descend due to weakened pelvic floor muscles and connective tissues. This condition may result in a sensation of vaginal pressure, bulging, or discomfort. Common causes include childbirth, aging, obesity, and chronic straining. Treatment options range from pelvic floor exercises and pessary use to surgical repair depending on the severity and impact on daily activities.

Vaginal Dryness

Vaginal dryness is a common condition characterized by a lack of natural lubrication, often associated with hormonal changes, especially during menopause, breastfeeding, or certain medications. Symptoms may include itching, burning, or pain during intercourse. It can affect sexual health and quality of life. Management includes over-the-counter lubricants or vaginal moisturizers, and in more persistent cases, prescription estrogen therapies or hormone-free treatments may be recommended.

Vaginal Delivery

Vaginal delivery is the natural method of childbirth in which the baby is born through the birth canal. It can be spontaneous or induced and may be assisted with instruments like forceps or vacuum devices if needed. Vaginal births generally allow for quicker recovery, lower infection risks, and shorter hospital stays compared to cesarean deliveries. Preparation, pain relief options, and delivery plans are discussed with the care provider during prenatal care.

Vaginismus

Vaginismus is a condition characterized by involuntary tightening of the vaginal muscles during attempted penetration, making intercourse, tampon use, or pelvic exams painful or impossible. It can be caused by physical, psychological, or emotional factors and often leads to distress or relationship strain. Diagnosis involves ruling out other conditions and a gentle physical exam. Treatment may include pelvic floor therapy, counseling, relaxation techniques, and progressive vaginal dilator therapy.

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Well-Woman Exam

A well-woman exam is a routine annual visit focused on preventive care and reproductive health. It typically includes a pelvic exam, breast exam, Pap smear (when appropriate), and screenings for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), bone health, and other age-relevant conditions. It also offers an opportunity to discuss birth control, menstrual concerns, menopause, and lifestyle habits. Regular well-woman exams are essential for early detection, health education, and long-term wellness.

Womb

The womb, medically known as the uterus, is a hollow, muscular organ in the female pelvis where fetal development occurs during pregnancy. It plays a central role in menstruation, conception, and childbirth. The uterus has two main parts: the body (where a fertilized egg implants and grows) and the cervix (the lower part that connects to the vagina). Its health is critical to fertility, and conditions such as fibroids, endometriosis, or uterine anomalies can affect reproductive outcomes.

Weight Gain (Pregnancy)

Weight gain during pregnancy is a natural and essential part of supporting fetal development, placenta growth, and maternal health. Recommendations vary based on pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI):

Underweight: 28–40 lbs
Normal weight: 25–35 lbs
Overweight: 15–25 lbs
Obese: 11–20 lbs
Steady, healthy weight gain helps reduce the risk of complications like gestational diabetes, preterm birth, or low birth weight. A balanced diet, regular exercise, and prenatal guidance help manage appropriate gain.

Water Birth

Water birth involves laboring and/or delivering in a warm water tub or birthing pool. The buoyancy helps ease discomfort, promotes relaxation, and may reduce the need for pain medication. Some women find that water facilitates smoother movement and a greater sense of control during labor. Water births are typically recommended for low-risk pregnancies and must be supervised by trained professionals in settings equipped to manage emergencies if needed. Proper hygiene and monitoring are key to safety.

Wound Healing

Wound healing in gynecology relates to recovery from procedures such as cesarean sections, episiotomies, hysterectomies, or laparoscopy. Healing involves four stages: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Factors like nutrition, infection control, diabetes, and personal hygiene play a significant role in healing outcomes. Proper wound care, follow-up, and early intervention in case of signs of infection (e.g., redness, swelling, or discharge) help ensure optimal recovery and minimize complications.

Women’s Health Screenings

Women’s health screenings are vital tools in early detection and prevention of disease. Key screenings include:

Pap smear (cervical cancer)
Mammogram (breast cancer)
Bone density scan (osteoporosis)
Blood pressure, cholesterol, and glucose checks (cardiovascular and metabolic health)
STI testing
Colonoscopy (for colorectal cancer after age 45)
Screening frequency depends on age, family history, lifestyle, and overall risk factors. Regular screenings support long-term wellness and informed decision-making.

Withdrawal Method

The withdrawal method, also known as coitus interruptus, is a form of contraception where the male partner withdraws the penis from the vagina before ejaculation to prevent sperm from entering the uterus. While it requires no medication or devices, this method has a relatively high failure rate due to pre-ejaculate fluid possibly containing sperm and difficulty with timing. It offers no protection against STIs and is generally considered less reliable than other contraceptive methods.

Wernicke’s Encephalopathy (Pregnancy-Related)

Wernicke’s encephalopathy is a rare but serious neurological condition caused by a severe deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1). In pregnancy, it may develop in cases of prolonged vomiting, such as hyperemesis gravidarum. Symptoms include confusion, loss of coordination, and eye movement disturbances. If untreated, it can lead to permanent brain damage or death. Early recognition and immediate administration of thiamine—often intravenously—are critical to reversing symptoms and preventing complications.

Wilms Tumor (Pediatric, Related to Maternal Health)

Wilms tumor is a rare kidney cancer that primarily affects children under age five. While the exact cause is unknown, some studies suggest maternal health factors—such as exposure to certain chemicals or medications during pregnancy—may play a role in risk. The tumor is usually detected as an abdominal mass and may be associated with genetic syndromes. Treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy, and sometimes radiation. Early detection leads to high survival rates in most cases.

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X-Chromosome

The X-chromosome is one of the two sex chromosomes that determine genetic sex. Females typically have two X-chromosomes (XX), while males have one X and one Y (XY). The X-chromosome carries over a thousand genes responsible for vital functions including reproduction, brain development, and immune regulation. Abnormalities in the number or structure of X-chromosomes—such as in Turner syndrome (single X) or Triple X syndrome—can lead to reproductive and developmental issues.

X-ray in Pregnancy

X-rays use low-dose radiation to create images of internal body structures. While generally avoided during pregnancy due to potential risks to the developing fetus, diagnostic X-rays may be performed if the benefit outweighs the risk—especially for conditions like fractures or dental emergencies. Shielding the abdomen and using the lowest effective dose minimizes exposure. Alternative imaging methods such as ultrasound or MRI are often preferred during pregnancy when available and appropriate.

X-linked Inheritance

X-linked inheritance refers to genetic conditions caused by mutations in genes located on the X-chromosome. Since males have only one X-chromosome, they are more likely to be affected by X-linked recessive disorders such as hemophilia or Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Females, with two X-chromosomes, are typically carriers and may or may not show symptoms. Understanding X-linked inheritance is essential in genetic counseling, especially for families with a history of these conditions.

Xerosis (Skin Dryness)

Xerosis is the medical term for abnormally dry skin. In women’s health, xerosis may become more noticeable during pregnancy or menopause due to hormonal changes that affect skin hydration. It can also result from certain medications, underlying conditions like hypothyroidism, or frequent bathing with harsh soaps. Management includes using fragrance-free moisturizers, gentle skin cleansers, and maintaining adequate hydration. Severe or persistent xerosis may require dermatological evaluation.

Xenoestrogens

Xenoestrogens are synthetic or natural chemical compounds that mimic estrogen and can interfere with the body’s endocrine system. They are found in plastics (like BPA), pesticides, personal care products, and certain foods. Long-term exposure may contribute to hormonal imbalances, reproductive disorders, and increased risk of estrogen-related cancers. Reducing contact with known xenoestrogens—by choosing BPA-free products, eating organic, and using natural personal care items—can help support hormonal health.

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Yeast Infection

A yeast infection, or vulvovaginal candidiasis, is a common fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of Candida albicans. It often results in symptoms such as itching, burning, thick white discharge (often compared to cottage cheese), and irritation of the vulva and vagina. Triggers include antibiotic use, hormonal changes, high estrogen levels (as seen in pregnancy), diabetes, or a weakened immune system. Treatment includes over-the-counter or prescription antifungal creams, suppositories, or oral medications. Recurrent infections may require longer-term management.

Yolk Sac

The yolk sac is an early pregnancy structure that provides essential nutrients and circulatory support to the developing embryo before the placenta is fully formed. It is typically visible via ultrasound between 5 to 6 weeks of gestation and is often the first sign of a viable intrauterine pregnancy. The presence, size, and shape of the yolk sac help assess early fetal health. Abnormalities in the yolk sac can be an early indicator of pregnancy complications or miscarriage risk.

Y-Chromosome Microdeletion

Y-chromosome microdeletion is a genetic condition in which small segments of the Y chromosome are missing, often affecting male fertility. These deletions typically involve the AZF (Azoospermia Factor) regions, which are critical for sperm production. Men with Y-chromosome microdeletions may experience low sperm counts or complete absence of sperm (azoospermia). Genetic testing is recommended during fertility evaluations in couples facing male-factor infertility. Assisted reproductive techniques such as IVF with ICSI may still be viable in select cases.

Yersinia Infection (Rare in Pregnancy)

Yersinia infection, caused by the Yersinia enterocolitica bacterium, is a rare but potentially harmful gastrointestinal infection in pregnancy. It is typically acquired through undercooked pork or contaminated food and water. Symptoms may include fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. While rare, severe infections can potentially cross the placenta and harm the fetus. Diagnosis is confirmed through stool cultures or blood tests. Prompt antibiotic treatment and supportive care are essential to reduce maternal and fetal risks.

Young Maternal Age (Risk Factor)

Young maternal age—typically defined as pregnancy in individuals under age 20—is associated with unique health and social challenges. Medical risks may include preterm birth, low birth weight, preeclampsia, and anemia. Younger mothers may also face barriers to prenatal care, education, and financial stability. Comprehensive, supportive care is essential to help mitigate these risks, ensuring the health of both the mother and baby through early prenatal care, education, and social support services.

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Zygote

A zygote is the single-cell organism formed when a sperm fertilizes an egg. It represents the earliest stage of human development and contains a complete set of chromosomes—half from the mother and half from the father. The zygote undergoes rapid cell division and eventually becomes a blastocyst before implanting into the uterine lining. This stage marks the beginning of embryonic development and is critical in both natural conception and assisted reproductive technologies like IVF.

Zika Virus

Zika virus is a mosquito-borne infection that can cause serious complications during pregnancy, including microcephaly and other severe brain defects in the developing fetus. The virus can also be transmitted through sexual contact. Symptoms in adults are usually mild and may include fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis. Pregnant individuals are advised to avoid travel to Zika-affected regions and to take preventive measures against mosquito bites. If exposure is suspected, testing and close fetal monitoring are recommended.

Zona Pellucida

The zona pellucida is a thick, protective glycoprotein layer that surrounds the human egg (oocyte) and plays a crucial role in fertilization. It allows only one sperm to penetrate the egg, preventing polyspermy (fertilization by multiple sperm). During IVF, assisted hatching may involve creating a small opening in the zona pellucida to help the embryo implant into the uterine lining. This structure dissolves naturally after successful implantation during normal pregnancy progression.

Zoladex (Hormonal Therapy)

Zoladex is a brand name for goserelin, a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist used in hormonal therapy. It is commonly prescribed to manage conditions such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and hormone-sensitive cancers like breast cancer. Zoladex works by suppressing estrogen production, essentially placing the body in a temporary menopausal state. While effective in reducing symptoms, it may cause side effects such as hot flashes, mood changes, and bone density loss, which are typically monitored during treatment.

Zinc Deficiency (Pregnancy-Related)

Zinc is an essential mineral involved in cellular growth, immune function, and DNA synthesis. During pregnancy, zinc supports fetal development, particularly in the brain and immune system. Zinc deficiency can lead to complications such as low birth weight, preterm delivery, or impaired immune response. It may result from poor diet, gastrointestinal disorders, or high physiological demands. Prenatal vitamins typically include zinc, but dietary sources—like meat, dairy, whole grains, and legumes—are equally important in maintaining adequate levels.